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When discussing engine tuning the Air/Fuel Ratio' (AFR) is one of the main topics. Proper AFR calibration is critical to performance and durability of the engine and it's components. The AFR defines the ratio of the amount of air consumed by the engine compared to the amount of fuel.
В 'Stoichiometric' AFR has the correct amount of air and fuel to produce a chemically complete combustion event. For gasoline engines, the stoichiometric, A/F ratio is 14.7:1, which means 14.7 parts of air to one part of fuel. The stoichiometric AFR depends on fuel type-- for alcohol it is 6.4:1 и 14.5:1 for diesel.
So what is meant by a rich or lean AFR? В нижнем AFR number contains less than air the 14.7:1 stoichiometric AFR, therefore it is a richer mixture. Conversely, higher AFR number contains more air and therefore it is a leaner mixture.
For Example:
15.0:1 = Lean
14.7:1 = Stoichiometric
13.0:1 = Rich
Leaner AFR results in higher temperatures as the mixture is combusted. В целом, нормально-aspirated spark-ignition (ВЫ) gasoline engines производит maximum power just slightly rich of stoichiometric. However, in practice it is kept between 12:1 и 13:1 in order to keep exhaust gas temperatures in check and to account for variances in fuel quality. This is a realistic full-load INFO on normally-aspirated engine but can be опасно lean with a highly-росту engine.
Let's take a closer look. As the air-fuel mixture is ignited by the spark plug, flame front propagates from the spark plug. The now-burning mixture raises the cylinder pressure and temperature, peaking at some point in the combustion process.
The turbocharger increases the density of the air, в результате чего в denser mixture. The denser mixture raises the peak cylinder pressure, поэтому increasing the probability of knock. As the AFR is leaned out, the temperature of the burning gases увеличивается, which also increases the probability of knock. This is why it is обязательных to run richer AFR на повышенный engine at full load. Doing so will reduce the likelihood of knock, and will also keep temperatures under control.
There are actually three ways to reduce the probability of knock at full load on a турбинным двигателем engine: reduce boost, adjust the AFR to richer mixture, and ignition retard сроки. These three parameters need to be optimized together to yield the highest reliable power.
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